3 Things I Learned from this Issue

1. The number of guarding violations issued by MSHA declined 26 percent between 2010 and 2011, page 4.

2. Efficient railroad operations can unload 12 cars of aggregate per hour, page 17.

3. FMSHRC added a seventh factor — aka, the deterrent clause — to the six criteria for monetary penalties outlined in Section 110(i), page 32.